0619 - Boniface V begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1482 - Peace of Atrecht
1569 - St Philip of Moscow martyred by Ivan the Terrible
1620 - French huguenots declare war on King Louis XIII
1672 - Giovanni Cassini discovers Rhea, a satellite of Saturn
1688 - English king Jacob II flees to France
1690 - John Flamsteed observes Uranus without realizing it's undiscovered
1715 - Russian/Prussian troops occupy Stralsund
1728 - Prussian Emperor Karel VI sign Treaty of Berlin
1751 - France sets plan to tax clergymen
1776 - Continental Congress negotiates a war loan of $181,500 from France; Thomas Paine writes "These are the times that try men's souls"
1779 - Benedict Arnold court-martialed for improper conduct
1788 - Maryland votes to cede a 10 square mile area for District of Columbia
1793 - Thomas Jefferson warned of slave revolts in West Indies
1823 - "Visit from St Nicholas" by C Moore published in Troy (New York) Sentinel
1832 - Dutch troops in Antwerp surrender
1834 - Joseph Hansom of London receives patent for Hansom cabs
1862 - Union General Ben "Beast" Butler is proclaimed a "felon, outlaw & common enemy of mankind" by Jefferson Davis
1876 - Turkey's 1st constitution proclaimed
1888 - Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh cuts off his left ear
1899 - Fieldmarshal Lord Roberts departs Southampton to South Africa; Tentative Turkish & German treaty on construction of Baghdad railway
1907 - 1st all-steel passenger railroad coach completed, Altoona PA
1909 - Albert becomes king of Belgium
1912 - 1st "Keystone Kops" film, titled "Hoffmeyer's Legacy"; Aswan Dam in Nile begins operation
1913 - President Woodrow Wilson signs Federal Reserve Act into law
1917 - 3 British warships come close to Holland
1919 - 1st hospital ship built to move wounded naval personnel launched; Alice H Parker patents gas heating furnace
1920 - Ireland divided into 2 parts, each with its own parliament; King George V signs Home Rule Act
1922 - BBC Radio began daily newscasts
1925 - Sultan Ibn Saud of Nedzjed conquers Djeddah
1928 - NBC sets up a permanent, coast-to-coast radio network
1930 - Police Bureau of Criminal Alien Investigation started in New York NY
1933 - Marinus van der Lubbe sentenced to death; Train crash in Eastern Paris; 230 die
1938 - Margaret Hamilton's Wicked Witch of the West costume catches fire in filming of "Wizard of Oz"; she is severely burned and off the film for over one month
1939 - Finnish counter offensive at Summa
1941 - American forces on Wake Island surrender to Japanese; British troops overrun Benghazi, Libya; Japan begins assault on Rangoon Burma
1942 - Allies air attack on Den Helder
1943 - General Montgomery told he is appointed commandant for D-day
1946 - University of Tennessee refuses to play Duquesne University, because they may use a black player in their basketball game; Belgian Council of State forms; Highest ridership in NYC subway history (8.8 million passengers)
1947 - Transistor invented by Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley in Bell Labs
1951 - 1st coast-to-coast televised football game (Dumont paid $75,000); Los Angeles Rams beat Cleveland Browns 24-17 in NFL championship game; Last Belgian communities get electricity
1958 - Abdallah Ibrahim forms government of Morocco
1960 - De Quay's Dutch government falls; King Saudi of Saudi-Arabia takes power
1961 - Fidel Castro announces Cuba will release 1,113 prisoners from failed 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion for $62 million worth of food & medical supplies; Train accident in Italy, 70 die
1962 - Cuba starts returning US prisoners from the Bay of Pigs invasion
1963 - Fire on Greek ship Laconia, 128 die
1964 - India & Ceylon hit by cyclone, about 4,850 killed
1967 - Lyndon B Johnson meets Pope Paul VI at the Vatican; Brussels: NATO-Council accept "Flexible Response" - strategy
1968 - 1st documented US case of space motion sickness; 82 members of US intelligence ship Pueblo released by North Korea; Borman, Lovell & Anders become 1st men to orbit Moon
1970 - New York World Trade Center reaches highest point
1972 - 16 plane crash survivors rescued after 70 days, survived by cannibalism; 6.25 Earthquake destroys central Managua Nicaragua, 10,000 die
1973 - 6 Persian Gulf nations double their oil prices; French Caravelle crashes in Morocco, 106 killed
1975 - Congress passes Metric Conversion Act
1983 - Journal Science publishes 1st report on nuclear winter
1986 - Rutan & Yeager make 1st around-the-world flight without refueling
1987 - Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, serving a life sentence for attempted assassination of President Gerald R Ford escapes from Alderson Prison
1990 - Slovenians vote to secede from Yugoslavia
1991 - New York Daily News publisher Kevin Maxwell resigns
1996 - 4 women ordained priests in Jamaica, 1st in 330-year Anglican history
1997 - Terry Nichols found guilty of manslaughter in Oklahoma bombing; US Agriculture Department estimates it costs $149,820 to raise a child to 18; Woody Allen, 62 weds Soon-Yi Previn 27, adopted daughter of Mia Farrow

Birthdays
1174 - Louis I, Duke of Wittelsbach
1544 - Anna, duchess of Saxson/wife of prince Willem of Orange (1561-71)
1732 - Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor (spinning frame)
1750 - Frederik Augustus I, the Righteous, king of Saxony (1806-27)
1777 - Aleksandr I.P. Romanov, Tsar of Russia (1801-25)
1790 - Jean-François Champollion, deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphics
1805 - Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of Mormon church
1808 - Thomas Turner, Union Navy Commander
1815 - Henry Highland Garnet, minister/abolitionist/diplomat
1818 - David Addison Weisiger, Confederate Brigadier-General
1827 - Wilhelm Freiherr von Tegetthoff, Austrian admiral (Helgoland/Lissa)
1845 - Gustave Ador, union President of Austria (1919)
1865 - Albrecht, duke of Württemberg/general-fieldmarshal
1883 - Hubert M.E. Pierlot, Belgian advocate/premier (1939-45)
1923 - James Stockdale, admiral (Vietnam)/Ross Perot's 1992 running mate; Kenneth Henry Lowry Lamb, broadcaster; Lucas M. Mangope, 1st President of Bophuthatswana (1977-94)
1924 - Floyd Kalber, newscaster (NBC Weekend News Anchor-1973)
1933 - Akihito, emperor of Japan (1989- )
1937 - Karol Joseph Bobko, Colonel USAF/astronaut (STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J)
1943 - Silvia Sommerlath German wife of King Carl XVI of Sweden
1944 - D.J.D. Dees, pharmacist/Dutch minister of WVC (VVD); Enneüs Heerma, Dutch minister of Housing (CDA)

Passings
0558 - Childebert, king of France (511-58), dies at about 62
0679 - Dagobert II, king of Austrasia (676-679), murdered
0918 - Conrad I, East Frankish/German king (911-18)
1116 - Ivo van Chartres, French canonist/bishop of Chartres/saint
1502 - Margaretha English princess of Burgundy, dies at 57
1569 - St. Philip, metropolitan of Moscow, martyred by Ivan the Terrible
1588 - Hendrik de Guise, French leader of Catholic League, murdered at 37
1619 - Johan Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg/duke of Prussia, dies at 47
1909 - King Leopold II of Belgium
1939 - Anthony H.G. Fokker, Dutch airplane builder (Spider), dies at 49
1948 - Hideki Tojo, Japan PM, & 6 other Japanese, hanged for war crimes by US
1953 - Lavrenti P. Beria, Soviet minister of internal security, executed
1959 - Edward Halifax, English viscount/viceroy of India, dies at 78; Lord Irwin, ambassador to US (1940-46), dies at 78
1967 - Ruth Fuller Sasaki, head of 1st Zen Institute of America, dies at 75
1972 - Andrej N. Tupolev, Russian aircraft builder, dies at 84
1975 - Richard S. Welch, CIA station chief in Athens, shot dead

Reported Missing in Action
1965
Shankel, William I., USN (CA); A4C shot down, released by DRV February, 1973 - retired as a Commander - alive and well as of 1998

1966
Reeves, John Howard, USMC (Canada); KIA, body not recovered

1970
The following US Army personnel repored MIA when their U1A broke up in mid-air, all presumed KIA

Booth, Gary P. (WA); crew chief

McAndrews, Michael W. (FL); aircraft commander

Wiseman, Bain W., Jr. (NM); pilot